~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
*    W e l c o m e   t o   V I   T u t o r    -    V e r s i o n   2.1       *
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 1.0 *
                             **************

vi is the standard Unix editor and as such is available on EVERY Unix system.
For this reason alone every serious Unix user should be familiar with vi.

Although vi can be intimidating to the first time user, it is actually quite
easy and logical to use.  Experienced users find it fast and powerful.

The first 4 lessons cover the basics and will get you going quickly with vi.
Lessons 5-8 cover more advanced topics. See the two excellent references at the
end of the tutorial when you want to expand your knowledge of vi even further.

The approximate time required to complete the first 4 lessons is 30-40 minutes,
depending upon how much time is spent with experimentation.  Remember that this
tutorial is set up to teach by use, meaning that the student should execute the
commands to learn them properly.  Don't worry about messing up this file.

Now, make sure that your Shift-Lock key is NOT depressed and press the  j  key
to move the cursor down so that Lesson 1.1 completely fills the screen.

NOTE: To exit the tutorial at any time:  Press the ESC key and enter :q!
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 1.1 *
                             **************
                 =====>>>>> MOVING THE CURSOR <<<<<=====

   ** To move the cursor, press the h,j,k,l keys as indicated. **
                                   ^
                                   k
                             < h       l >
                                   j
                                   v
  1. Move the cursor around the screen until you are comfortable.

  2. Note that if one tries to move the cursor past the beginning or end of a
     line (or past the beginning or end of the file), a beep is sounded.

  3. Note that as you move the cursor up and down vi attempts to keep to the
     same column.  If a line is too short, the cursor will jump to the end of
     that line.  At the next opportunity the cursor will move back to the
     same column.  This will be true until you explicitly change columns.

  4. Hold down the down key (j) until it repeats.
---> Now you know how to move to the next lesson.

  5. Using the down key, move to Lesson 1.2.

NOTE: If you are ever unsure about something you typed, press <ESC> (i.e. the
      Escape key) to place yourself in Command Mode.  Then retype the command.

      vi has two modes: Command Mode (for commands like cursor movement) and
      Insert Mode (for inserting text).  vi starts up in Command Mode.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 1.2 *
                             **************
       =====>>>>> TEXT EDITING - CHARACTER DELETION <<<<<=====

** While in Command Mode press  x  to delete the character under the cursor. **

  1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->.

  2. To fix the errors, move the cursor until it is on top of the
     character to be deleted.

  3. Press the  x  key to delete the unwanted character.

  4. Repeat steps 2 through 4 until the sentence is correct.

---> The ccow jumpedd ovverr thhe mooon.

  5. There is no way to get rid of a line with the x command.  To do this use
     the line deletion command: dd

     Try deleting this line by typing dd.

NOTE: As you go through this tutorial, do not try to memorize, learn by usage.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 1.3 *
                             **************
             =====>>>>> TEXT EDITING - INSERTION <<<<<=====

         ** While in Command Mode press  i  to insert text. **

  1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->.

  2. To make the first line the same as the second, move the cursor on top
     of the first character BEFORE which text is to be inserted.

  3. Press  i  to enter Insert Mode and type in the necessary additions.

  4. As each error is fixed press <ESC> to return to Command Mode.
     Repeat steps 2 through 4 to correct the sentence.

---> There is text misng this .
---> There is some text missing from this line.

  5. After fixing the sentence, try inserting characters until the end of the
     screen is reached and passed.  What happens?  The rest of the sentence
     wraps onto the next line.  Actually it is the same line which you can
     verify by going back to Command Mode (by pressing <ESC>) and moving the
     cursor up and down (with j and k).  Notice the behavior of the cursor.

     Conclusion: vi does no lateral screen scrolling.  All text is displayed
     on the screen even when a line gets too wide for the screen.  Such lines
     can be detected by the behavior of the cursor as it is moved over the
     line by j or k commands.  Or one can issue the command: :set list which
     will cause all end of lines to be indicated by a dollar sign ($).  Any
     tabs will show up as ^I characters.  To turn this display off enter:
     :set nolist .  Try this now and look at the line you forced to wrap.

  6. To get a new line for text insertion simply press the RETURN key while in
     Insert Mode.  Try this now.  Go into Insert Mode by pressing  i  and then
     press <RETURN> a few times to see the new lines.

     NOTE: In Command Mode <RETURN> moves the cursor to the first non-blank
           character on the next line.

  7. While inserting text, one may backspace over inserted text with ^H, i.e.
     Ctrl-h (press the CONTROL key and the h key).  Depending on the setup of
     your terminal you may also be able to press the BACKSPACE key if it also
     emits a ^H code.  Try this now to see if your BACKSPACE key works.

     NOTE: When the BACKSPACE key is pressed in Insert Mode, the cursor moves
           backward but the characters backspaced over remain on the screen
           even though they have been erased.  They disappear when you retype
           the line or press <ESC>.

  8. When you are comfortable inserting text, go on to the next lesson.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 1.4 *
                             **************
              =====>>>>> ENTERING AND EXITING VI <<<<<=====

  1. To save the edited text without exiting vi type: :w <RETURN>
     (i.e. :w plus the RETURN key)

     Do this now and note the confirmation message that appears at the bottom
     of the screen.

!! NOTE: one or both of the next two commands will take you out of vi. To
         reenter the tutorial when this happens make sure you are in your
         HOME directory and type: vi vi.tutorial 
                                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
         vi sessions are started this way, i.e: vi FILENAME

         Or else one can reenter the tutorial using the command: vitutor
         which makes a fresh copy of vi.tutorial in your HOME directory and
         then executes the vi command for you: vi vi.tutorial

  2. To prepare for the next command delete any character on this line with x.

     To exit vi type: :q <RETURN>

     Do this now.  If you changed the file since the last save (:w) command
     as instructed, the following error message appears:

     "No write since last change (:quit! overrides)"

     Explanation: If the file has been changed, vi will not permit one to exit
                  the file without saving the edits or else confirming one
                  wants to discard all edits. "!" is the override character for
                  exiting and discarding all edits.  Note that if no changes
                  had been made, vi would have exited.

  3. To exit vi WITHOUT saving any changes you have made type: :q! <RETURN>

     Use this with care as you will lose all changes made to the file.  Try
     this now if you like, remembering how to reenter the tutorial.

  4. To exit vi AND SAVE your changes type: :wq

     which combines the write and quit commands.  This forces a write even if
     no changes have been made to the file.

  5. A handy command in Command Mode is  ZZ  which does a :q if no changes
     have been made to the file and a :wq if the file has been changed.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                          ********************
                          * LESSON 1 SUMMARY *
                          ********************

  1. There are two modes in vi:

     A. Command Mode for issuing commands like cursor movement (h j k l etc.),
        text deletion (x dd etc.), saving and quitting (:q :q! :w ZZ etc.).

     B. Insert Mode for entering new text after commands like  i  etc.

  2. The cursor is moved using the h,j,k,l keys.
         h (left)       j (down)       k (up)       l (right)

  3. x  deletes the character under the cursor in Command Mode.

  4. dd deletes the line under the cursor in Command Mode.

  5. i  inserts text before the cursor.  Press <ESC> to return to Command Mode.

  6. vi FILENAME <RETURN>  is the shell command to edit "FILENAME" with vi.

  7. <ESC> :w  <RETURN>  saves the current state of the file; vi continues.

  8. <ESC> :q! <RETURN>  exits vi and discards all changes (abort).
     <ESC> :wq <RETURN>  exits vi saving the file first.
     <ESC> ZZ            exits vi saving the file only if it has been changed.

NOTE: Pressing <ESC> places you in Command Mode or cancels a partially
      completed command.  There is no need to press <ESC> if you are already
      in Command Mode.  It does not hurt to do so, a beep confirms vi was
      already in that mode.

In one lesson you have learned enough to use vi to edit text files.  However,
with some additional commands you can become MUCH more efficient.

Now continue with Lesson 2.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 2.1 *
                             **************
                =====>>>>> THE APPEND COMMAND <<<<<=====

             ** Type  a  to insert text AFTER the cursor. **

  1. Move the cursor to the end of the first line below marked ---> by typing
     $  in Command Mode.  ($ is the vi command to move the cursor to the end
     of a line; 0 moves the cursor to column 1, ^ moves the cursor to the
     first non-blank character on the line).

  2. Type an  a  (lowercase) to append text AFTER the character under the
     cursor.  (Uppercase  A  appends to the end of the line, i.e. same as $a)

NOTE: This avoids typing  i , the last character, the text to insert, <ESC>,
      cursor-right (l), and finally, x , just to append to the end of a line!

  3. Now complete the first line.  Note also that append is exactly the same
     as Insert Mode, except for the location where text is inserted.

---> This line will allow you to practice
---> This line will allow you to practice appending text to the end of a line.

NOTE: Similar to  A  for appending at the end of a line,  the  I  command
      inserts at the beginning of the line (actually prior to the first
      non-blank character on the line, i.e. same as ^i, i.e. ^ then i).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 2.2 *
                             **************
                 =====>>>>> THE OPEN COMMAND <<<<<=====

 ** Type  o  to open a line below the cursor and place you in Insert Mode. **

  1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->.

  2. Type  o (lowercase) to open up a line BELOW the cursor and place you in
     Insert Mode.

  3. Now copy the line marked ---> and press <ESC> to exit Insert Mode.

---> After typing  o  the cursor is placed on the open line in Insert Mode.

  4. To open up a line ABOVE the cursor, simply type a capital  O , rather
     than a lowercase  o.  Try this on the line below.
Open up a line above this by typing Shift-O while the cursor is on this line.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 2.3 *
                             **************
                 =====>>>>> DELETE COMMANDS <<<<<=====

                   ** Type  dw  to delete a word. **

  1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->.

  2. Move the cursor to the beginning of each word that needs to be deleted.

  3. Type   dw   to make the word disappear.

---> There are a some words fun that don't belong paper in this sentence.

NOTE: The letters dw will not appear on the screen as you type them, so if you
      are unsure what you typed, press  <ESC>  and start over.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 2.4 *
                             **************
               =====>>>>> MORE DELETE COMMANDS <<<<<=====

           ** Type  d$  to delete to the end of the line. **

  1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->.

  2. Move the cursor to the end of the correct line (AFTER the first . ).

  3. Type    d$    to delete to the end of the line.

---> Somebody typed the end of this line twice. end of this line twice.

  4. D is a shorthand for d$.  As we will see vi establishes several
     shortcuts like this for common commands.

  5. Move on to the next lesson to understand what is happening.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 2.5 *
                             **************
             =====>>>>> ON COMMANDS AND MOVEMENT <<<<<=====

  The format for the  d  delete command is as follows:

         [number]   d   movement      OR       d   [number]   movement
  Where:
    number   - is how many times to execute the command (optional, default=1).
    d        - is the command to delete.
    movement - is the cursor movement command that defines what is deleted.

  A short list of movements and their effect when combined with d:
    w - from the cursor to the beginning of the next word.
    e - from the cursor to the end of the word, NOT including the space.
    $ - from the cursor to the end of the line.
    0 - from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
    ^ - from the cursor to the first non-blank character on the line.
    G - from the cursor to the end of the file.
   nG - from the cursor to line n (e.g. 101G)
    } - from the cursor to the end of the paragraph (defined to be the
        next null line - i.e. one with no characters on it not even spaces).
    { - from the cursor to the beginning of the paragraph (defined to the
        previous null line).

NOTE:  Try pressing just the movement character while in Command Mode to move
       the cursor as specified in the list.  These can be more efficient at
       times for moving the cursor than h,j,k,or l.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 2.6 *
                             **************
              =====>>>>> DELETING A WHOLE LINE <<<<<=====

               ** Type   dd   to delete a whole line. **

  In future lessons we will find several instances where doubled character
  commands (like dd) cause an action on a line.

  1. Move the cursor to the second line in the phrase below.

  2. Type  dd  to delete the line.

  3. Now move to the fourth line.

  4. Type   2dd   to delete the two lines.

      1)  Roses are red,
      2)  Mud is fun,
      3)  Violets are blue,
      4)  I have a car,
      5)  Clocks tell time,
      6)  Sugar is sweet
      7)  And so are you.

NOTE: Numbers to indicate how many times to perform the action can be used
      with most vi commands: 20j (go down 20 lines), 5dd (delete 5 lines),
      2dw (delete next 2 words), 3x (delete next 3 characters), etc.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 2.7 *
                             **************
                 =====>>>>> THE UNDO COMMAND <<<<<=====

   ** Press  u  to undo the last command,   U   to fix a whole line. **

  1. Move the cursor to the line below marked ---> and place it on the
     first error.

  2. Type  x  to delete the unwanted character.

  3. Now type  u  to undo the last text command executed.

NOTE: The last text command executed is defined to be either:
      A. The last text deletion (x dd dw d} D etc.)
      B. The last text insertion beginning from the start of insertion
         (i a etc.) to the time <ESC> is pressed.

  4. This time fix all the errors on the line using the  x  command.

  5. Now type a capital  U  to return the line to its original state.

---> Fiix the errors oon thhis line and reeplace them witth undo.

NOTE: Once the cursor has been moved from the line  U  no longer has any effect
      while  u  will still undo the last change.  Pressing  u  twice undoes the
      undo, i.e. it acts as a toggle on the last change.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                          ********************
                          * LESSON 2 SUMMARY *
                          ********************

  1. a  inserts text AFTER the character the cursor is on.
     A  appends text to the end of the line.
     I  inserts text at the front of the line.

  2. o  opens a line BELOW the cursor for text insertion in Insert Mode.
     O  opens a line ABOVE the cursor for text insertion in Insert Mode.

  3. dw deletes the next word (actually from the cursor up to the next word).

  4. d$  or  D  deletes from the cursor to the end of the line.

  5. dd deletes the line containing the cursor.

  6. The format for a command in Command Mode is:

     [number]   command   movement   OR     command   [number]  movement
     where:
       number   - is how many times to repeat the command (optional, default=1)
       command  - is what to do, such as  d  for delete
       movement - is what the command should act upon ($ 0 w e b { } etc.)

  7. u  undoes the last text command.
     U  undoes all changes made to a line.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 3.1 *
                             **************
                 =====>>>>> THE PUT COMMAND <<<<<=====

  ** Type  p  (P)  to put the last deletion after (before) the cursor. **

  1. Move the cursor to the line marked ---> below.

  2. Type  dd  to delete the line and store it in vi's default buffer.  This
     buffer remains intact until the next change is made to the text.

  3. Move the cursor to the line AFTER which the deleted line should go and
     type  p  to put the deleted line after the line with the cursor.

     (Or move the cursor to the line BEFORE which the deleted line is to go
      and press P )

  4. Repeat until all the lines are in the correct order.

---> d) Can you learn too?
     b) Violets are blue,
     c) Intelligence is learned,
     a) are Roses red,

  5. In line a) above delete the word Roses by placing the cursor on the R and
     pressing dw.  Now move the cursor to the "a" of "are" and press P.  This
     demonstrates the behavior of put when the object deleted is not a line.

  6. Now for a quick demonstration of the power of vi.  Let's move paragraph
     5 above below this paragraph (6) and preserve the correct spacing.

     a) Place the cursor onto the null line just ahead of paragraph 5.
     b) Press  d}  to delete the null line, paragraph 5, but NOT the null
        line after the paragraph.
     c) Move the cursor to the last line of paragraph 6 and press  p  to put 
        the buffer.  Note the correct blank line spacing.
     d) Thus it is as easy to move paragraphs in vi as it is to move words or
        lines.  Try this with your favorite text editor.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 3.2 *
                             **************
               =====>>>>> THE REPLACE COMMAND <<<<<=====

  ** Type  r  and a character to replace the character under the cursor. **

  1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->.

  2. Move the cursor so that it is on top of the first error.

  3. Type   r   and then the character which should replace the error.

  4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the first line is correct.

--->  Whan this lime was tuoed in, someone presswd some wrojg keys!
--->  When this line was typed in, someone pressed some wrong keys!

NOTE: this command leaves you in Command Mode.

  5. How would one do this using  x  and  i  ?   r is quicker.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 3.3 *
                             **************
        =====>>>>> THE MULTI-CHARACTER REPLACE COMMAND >>>>>=====

      ** Type a capital  R  to replace more than one character. **

  1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->.

  2. Place the cursor at the beginning of the first word that is different
     from the second line marked ---> (the word 'next').

  3. Now type  R  and replace the remainder of the text on the first line by
     typing over the old text to make the first line the same as the second.

---> To make the first line the same as the next line, use the R command key.
---> To make the first line the same as the second, type R and the new text.

  4. Note that when you press <ESC> to exit, any unaltered text remains.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 3.4 *
                             **************
                =====>>>>> THE CHANGE COMMAND <<<<<=====

            ** To change part or all of a word, type  cw **

  1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->.

  2. Place the cursor on the u in lubw.

  3. Type  cw  and the correct word (in this case, type  'ine'.)

  4. Press <ESC> and move to the next incorrect word.

  5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the first sentence is the same as the second.

---> This lubw has a few wptfd that mrrf changing usf the change command.
---> This line has a few words that need changing using the change command.

NOTE:  the change command places you into Insert Mode.  Notice also that a
       "$" character is placed by vi at the end of the text which is being
       changed.  Press <ESC> to return to Command Mode when done.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 3.5 *
                             **************
               =====>>>>> MORE CHANGES USING c <<<<<=====

   ** The change command is used with the same movements as delete. **

  1. The change command works in the same way as delete.  The format is:

       [number]   c   movement       OR       c   [number]   movement

  2. The objects are also the same, such as   w (word), $ (end of line), etc.

  3. Move to the first line below marked --->.

  4. Move the cursor to the first error.

  5. Type  c$  to make the rest of the line like the second and press <ESC>.

---> The end of this line needs some help to make it like the second.
---> The end of this line needs to be corrected using the  c$  command.

  6. As with dd, cc affects the whole line.

  7. As with D for d$ , C is the shorthand for c$.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 3.6 *
                             **************
                 =====>>>>> COPYING USING y <<<<<=====

   ** Use the y command to copy text into the vi default buffer **

   1. y (for yank) operates very similarly to d (for delete) except that
      instead of deleting text into the vi default buffer it copies it.

   2. Similarly to dd, yy copies a whole line into the default buffer.  Y is
      a short hand for yy.  (There is no short hand for yanking from the
      cursor to the end of the line which is always: y$)

   3. Move to the line below marked --->.

   4. Press Y (or yy) and then p or P to copy the line after or before itself.

--> This line can be easily copied by pressing YP.

NOTE: There is an inconsistency among d&c and y in the use of D/C/Y short cuts:
      command:                d (delete) c (change) y (yank)
      whole line operation:  dd         cc         yy
      whole line shortcut:                          Y
      rest of line:          d$         c$         y$
      rest of line shortcut:  D          C

      Why is this?  While vi has a lot of command consistency, in some cases
      exceptions were made for convenience.  In this case vi expects that it
      is more common to want to copy a whole line than part of a line.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                          ********************
                          * LESSON 3 SUMMARY *
                          ********************

  1. p  puts text from the default buffer after the cursor.
     P  puts text from the default buffer before the cursor.

  2. r  replaces the character under the cursor with the next character
        typed.  Command Mode remains in effect.

  3. R  enters replace (overtype) mode until  <ESC>  is pressed to exit.

  4. cw changes the next word.

  5. c$  or  C  changes text from the cursor to the end of the end of the line.

  6. cc changes the entire line.

  7. The change (c) commands put one into Insert Mode.  Press <ESC> when done.

  8. yw copies (yanks) the next word into the default buffer.

  9. y$ copies from the cursor to the end of the line.

 10. yy  or  Y  copies the entire line into the default buffer.

 11. The format for the change and yank commands is the same as for d:

         [number]   c   movement      OR        c   [number]   movement
         [number]   y   movement      OR        y   [number]   movement
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 4.1 *
                             **************
               =====>>>>> SCROLLING AND PAGING <<<<<=====

    ** ^D and ^U  scroll by half screens; ^F and ^B page by full screens **

  1.  Press ^D (Down) to scroll the screen down by one half of the screen.

  2.  Press ^U (Up)   to scroll the screen up   by one half of the screen.

  3.  Press ^F (Forward) to scroll the screen forward by one full page.

  4.  Press ^B (Back)    to scroll the screen back    by one full page.

  5.  Try pressing these commands a few times to see how they make moving
      through the file quicker.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 4.2 *
                             **************
             =====>>>>> LOCATION AND FILE STATUS <<<<<=====

  ** Type ^G (Ctrl-g) to show the location in the file and the file status.
     Type nG to move to line n in the file. **

NOTE: Read this entire lesson before executing any of the steps!!

  1. Hold down the Ctrl key and press  g  (i.e. ^G).  A status line will
     appear at the bottom of the page with the filename and the line you are
     on.  Remember this line number for Step 3.

  2. Press G to move you to the bottom of the file (note this is a capital G).

  3. Type in the number of the line you were on and then G.  This will
     return you to the line you were on when you first pressed ^G.
     (When you type in the numbers, they will NOT be displayed on the screen.)

  4. If you feel confident to do this, execute steps 1 through 3.

NOTE: What did you see after the last line in the file?  If there are no more
      lines in the file, vi simply puts the  ~  character on the screen to
      indicate a null line.  When one starts editing a new file, the screen
      will come up full of these lines indicating the file is empty.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 4.3 *
                             **************
                =====>>>>> THE SEARCH COMMAND <<<<<=====

         ** Type  /  followed by a phrase to be searched for **

  1. In Command Mode type the  /  character.  Notice that it and the cursor
     appear at the bottom of the screen as with the  :  command.

  2. Now type  errroor<RETURN>.  This is the word you want to search for.

  3. To search for the same phrase again, simply type  n .
     To search for the same phrase in the opposite direction, type  Shift-N .

  4. If you want to search for a phrase in the backwards direction, use the
     command  ?  instead of  /.  n  searches backward again after the ? and
     N searches forward (i.e. in the opposite direction).

     When the search reaches the end or beginning of the file, it continues
     the search at the opposite end of the file.  :set nowrapscan  causes the
     search to stop when the end or beginning of the file is reached.

---> "errroor" is not the way to spell error;  errroor is an error.

NOTE: By default vi uses Unix regular expressions.  Although this subject is
      beyond the scope of this tutorial, you should be aware that the
      following characters have special meaning in search commands: /\^$.*[]
      To search for a string containing one of these characters, simply
      precede the character with a backslash (\) to remove its special
      meaning.  One can also turn off the special meaning of these characters
      with :set nomagic  To turn regular expressions back on: :set magic.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 4.4 *
                             **************
            =====>>>>> MATCHING PARENTHESES SEARCH <<<<<=====

              ** Type  %  to find a matching ),], or } . **

  1. Place the cursor on any (, [, or { in the line below marked --->.

  2. Now type the  %  character.

  3. The cursor should be on the matching parenthesis, bracket, or brace.

  4. Type  %  to move the cursor back to the first character of the pair.

---> This ( is a test line with ('s, ['s ] and {'s } in it. ))

NOTE: This is very useful in debugging a program with unmatched parentheses!
      If no match is found, the terminal beeps.  To actively show the match
      while entering text set the showmatch command: :set showmatch
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 4.5 *
                             **************
               =====>>>>> PATTERN SUBSTITUTION <<<<<=====

        ** Type  :s/old/new/g  to substitute 'new' for 'old'. **

  1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->.

  2. Type  :s/thee/the <RETURN> .  Note that this command only changes the
     first occurrence on the line.

  3. Now type  :s/thee/the/g     meaning substitute globally on the line.
     This changes all occurrences on the line.

---> thee best time to see thee flowers is in thee spring.

  4. To change every occurrence of a character string between two lines,
     Type   :#,#s/old/new/g    where #,# are the numbers of the two lines.
     Type   :%s/old/new/g    to change every occurrence in the whole file.
     Type   :%s/old/new/gc   to change every occurrence in the whole file but
       generate a prompt for each occurrence found.  Reply "y" to change the
       occurrence, <RETURN> to go to the next one, ^C to interrupt and stop.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                          ********************
                          * LESSON 4 SUMMARY *
                          ********************

  1. ^D  moves down 1/2 page in the file.
     ^U  moves up   1/2 page in the file.

  2. ^F  moves down 1   page in the file.
     ^B  moves up   1   page in the file.

  3. ^G (Ctrl-g)  displays your location in the file and the file status.

  4. G  moves the cursor to the end of the file.

  5. nG (e.g. 41G) moves the cursor to line n.

  6. /pattern  searches FORWARD  for "pattern".
     ?pattern  searches BACKWARD for "pattern".

     n  repeats the pattern search in the same     direction as the last / or ?
     N  repeats the pattern search in the opposite direction as the last / or ?

     Watch out for the special characters used in Unix regular expressions:
     /\^$.*[]  Quote them with  \  or turn them off completely w/ :set nomagic

  7. %  locates the matching pair of one of: () [] {}
        To show the matches as text is typed in: :set showmatch

  8. To substitute new for the first old on a line type    :s/old/new/
     To substitute new for all 'old's on a line type       :s/old/new/g
     To substitute phrases between two line #'s type       :#,#s/old/new/g
     To substitute all occurrences in the file type        :%s/old/new/g
     To ask for confirmation each time add 'c'             :%s/old/new/gc

We're getting into some advanced topics now which you may want to save for
another session after you have used what you have learned for a while.  Don't
forget to continue as there is still much useful information to learn.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 5.1 *
                             **************
          =====>>>>> HOW TO EXECUTE A UNIX COMMAND <<<<<=====

   ** Type  :!  followed by a UNIX command to execute that command. **

  1. Type the familiar command  :  to set the cursor at the bottom of the
     screen.

  2. Now type the  !  (exclamation point) character.  This allows you to
     execute a UNIX shell command.

  3. As an example type :!ls .  This will show you a listing of your directory,
     just as if you were at the shell prompt.

NOTE:  It is possible to execute any shell command this way.

  4. To escape out to a shell prompt type  :sh<RETURN>
     Type "exit" when you want to return to the vi session.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 5.2 *
                             **************
              =====>>>>> MORE ON WRITING FILES <<<<<=====

     ** To save the changes made to the file, type  :w FILENAME. **

  1. Type  :!ls  to get a listing of your directory.

  2. Choose a filename that is not already in your area, such as TEST.

  3. Now type:   :w TEST   (where TEST is the filename you chose.)

  4. This saves the whole file  (vi.tutorial)  under the name TEST.
     To verify this, type   :!ls   again to see your directory

NOTE: If you were to exit vi and enter again with the filename TEST, the file
      would be an exact copy of the tutorial when you saved it.

  5. Now remove the file from your area by typing:     :!rm TEST

  6. To append to an existing file: :w >> FILENAME

  7. If a file already exists, vi will not permit you to overwrite it with
     :w FILENAME.  If you want to override this, use :w! FILENAME.

  8. If a file does not exist, vi will not permit you to append to it.  If
     you want to override this: :w! >> FILENAME
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 5.3 *
                             **************
            =====>>>>> A SELECTIVE WRITE COMMAND <<<<<=====

         ** To save part of the file, type   :#,# w FILENAME **

  1. Once again, type    :!ls    to obtain a listing of your directory and
     choose a suitable filename such as TEST.

  2. Move the cursor to the top of this page and type  Ctrl-g  to find the
     number of that line.  REMEMBER THIS NUMBER!

  3. Now move to the bottom of the page and type  Ctrl-g again.  REMEMBER THIS
     LINE NUMBER ALSO!

  4. To save ONLY a section to a file, type   :#,# w TEST   where #,# are
     the two numbers you remembered (top,bottom) and TEST is your filename.

  5. Again, see that the file is there with  :!ls  but DO NOT remove it.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 5.4 *
                             **************
                  =====>>>>> INSERTING FILES <<<<<=====

       ** To insert the contents of a file, type   :r FILENAME **

  1. Type   :!ls   to make sure your TEST filename is present from before.

  2. Place the cursor at the top of this page.

NOTE:  After executing Step 3 you will see Lesson 5.3.  Then move DOWN to
       this lesson again.

  3. Now read and insert your TEST file using the command   :r TEST   where
     TEST is the name of the file.

NOTE:  The file you read is placed after the line where the cursor is located.

  4. To verify that a file was retrieved, cursor back and notice that there
     are now two copies of Lesson 5.3, the original and the inserted version.

  5. u (undo) will undo an immediately preceding text insertion.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 5.5 *
                             **************
         =====>>>>> INSERTING TEXT FROM A UNIX COMMAND <<<<<=====

   ** To insert the output of a Unix command, type: :r! unix_command **

  1. Type   :r! ls   to include the output of the ls command after the line
     containing the cursor.

  2. To delete the included text, immediately press u to undo the change.

  3. Try this now, :r! ls <RETURN> u
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 5.6 *
                             **************
      =====>>>>> PROCESSING TEXT THROUGH A UNIX COMMAND <<<<<=====

  ** To pass text through a Unix command use the !<movement> command **

  1. Any portion of the text being edited can be processed (filtered) by a
     Unix command.  One simply enters an  !  followed by a movement command
     indicating the extent of the text to be processed followed by the Unix
     command, i.e:  !<movement>command

     If one wants to process one line use:  !!command

  2. Demonstrate this capability by placing the cursor on the line AFTER the
     ---->

  3. To sort these lines enter: !}sort<RETURN>

---->
      spade
      heart
      diamond
      club

  4. The action of this command can be interpreted as:
     !  -  start up a filtering command
     }  -  include all text between the line with the cursor and the next
           paragraph boundary (note how an  !  appears at the bottom of
           the screen awaiting the entry of the Unix command).
     sort - the name of the Unix command to be executed.
     <RETURN> - executes the command.

  5. The change to the text can be reversed with the undo (u) command.

  6. Suppose one wants to process the whole document.  Let's count the number
     of lines, words, and characters in this file.  After entering the
     command, remember to press  u  to undo the command.  You will also wind
     up at the top of the file and so will have to find your way back to this
     location. As before one could press ^G to see the current line number
     and then later issue #G to return (where # is the line number).  Instead
     let's use another feature of vi: the text mark.  Mark your current
     location with: mh This establishes a marker called  h  at the cursor
     location (one can use markers a to z with the marker (m) command). 
     After you find yourself at the top of the file, press  u  to restore the
     text, and then enter 'h to return to the line with the h marker.

     a. Press  mh  to mark this location.
     b. Enter 1G to go to the top of the file.
     c. Enter !Gwc<RETURN> to pass the file through the wc (word count) Unix
        command remembering to press  u  to restore the text afterwards and 
        'h (' = single quote or apostrophe) to return to this location.

     Are you back?  Did the first number reported by wc correspond to the
     number of lines returned by ^G?  It should have.

     A shorthand for processing the entire file is to start with a :%
     :%!wc<RETURN>

  7. This capability is one of the most powerful features of vi as it permits
     one to augment the capabilities of vi with any system or user supplied
     program or script.  Another example is using the system
     utility "fmt" to flow a paragraph.
     Simply put your cursor on the first
     line of this paragraph and press !}fmt -c<RETURN>
     Try this now on this paragraph to see if fmt is available on your system.
     If it isn't found, press  u  to get the paragraph back.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                          ********************
                          * LESSON 5 SUMMARY *
                          ********************

  1.  :!command  executes a unix system command.

      Some useful examples are:
          :!ls  -  shows a directory listing of your area.
          :!rm FILENAME  -  removes file FILENAME from your area.

  2.  :w FILENAME  writes the current vi file to disk with name FILENAME.

  3.  :#,# FILENAME  saves the lines # through # in file FILENAME.

  4.  :w >> FILENAME  appends current file to file FILENAME.

  5.  :r FILENAME  inserts file FILENAME after the cursor position.

  6.  :r!command  places the output of the Unix command after the cursor.

  7.  !<movement>command  passes the text indicated by the movement command
      through a Unix command.  Examples: !Gsort   !}fmt

      !!command   processes one line.

      :%!command  processes the whole file.

  8.  mx  establishes a text marker x (of a to z).  
      'x  returns the cursor to column 1 of the line containing marker x.

NOTE:  'x is a movement command and can be combined with d,c,y etc.  d'x
       deletes lines from the cursor to the line with the x marker;
       :'b,'ew FILE  writes lines from marker b to marker e to FILE.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 6.1 *
                             **************
              =====>>>>> SET ENVIRONMENT OPTION <<<<<=====

           ** Setting and reviewing vi environment options **

  1. In several of the preceding lessons we have referred to the setting of
     various vi environment options.  These include:

     :set nomagic   - to turn off use of regular expressions in searches (/ ?).
     :set showmatch - to cause matching ( { [ to be shown as they are entered.
     :set list      - turn on end of line marker ($) and show tabs (^I).

  2. Here are some others you may wish to set:

     :set showmode     - show on the last line of the screen the mode the
                         editor is in (blank for command mode, INPUT MODE for
                         input mode, REPLACE MODE for replace mode, etc.)
     :set ignorecase   - to ignore letter case in searches.
     :set nowrapscan   - to prevent a search  (/ or ?) from wrapping around
                         the beginning or end of a file.
     :set wrapmargin=2 - to cause the word being typed to be automatically
                         moved to a new line when within "wrapmargin" (e.g. 2)
                         characters of the end of the line.
     :set autoindent   - to turn on automatic indentation where the cursor is
                         automatically indented to the same column as the
                         first non-blank on the preceding line.
     :set autowrite    - automatically saves a file before starting to edit
                         a new file with the "next" command (:n described in
                         lesson 7.2)

NOTE: The showmode option works on the /sys5.3/usr/bin/vi but not the
      /bsd4.3/usr/ucb/vi version of vi on Apollo DomainOS.

  3. To see the setting of all of the vi options type: :set all
     Try this now to see the available options in vi and their defaults.

  4. Most of the options can be turned off by adding "no" to the front of the
     option name, e.g: noshowmatch noignorecase noautoindent etc.

  5. Options that are of the form :set option=number (e.g. wrapmargin) can
     only be changed by setting them to another number: :set wrapmargin=0  sets
     this option back to its default which is not to do word wrap.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 6.2 *
                             **************
     =====>>>>> AUTOMATICALLY SETTING OPTIONS AT VI STARTUP <<<<<=====

      ** Use the file, ~/.exrc, to store desired vi option settings **

  1. To have your preferred vi options automatically invoked at the time vi is
     started, create a file in your HOME directory called .exrc.

  2. In that file add set commands (without the leading ":") to set the
     desired options.

  3. Example contents of a .exrc file:

" my .exrc file: lines that begin with a double quote (") are comments
set showmode
set showmatch
set autoindent
set autowrite
set ignorecase
set nowrapscan
set wrapmargin=2

  4. If you like, let's create your .exrc file and put these lines into it for
     starters.  You, of course, can later modify this file with vi.

     a. Set up a text marker on the line "my .exrc file:..." by typing: mb

     b. Now move to the last set command and type: :'b,. w! >> ~/.exrc

        I.e. write from the line with marker b ('b) up to and including the
        the current line (.), to the file ~/.exrc.

NOTE: Compare this method of writing out a portion of the file using markers to
      that using line numbers in lesson 5.3.  This may be a little easier.

     c. To verify that this all worked, exit and reenter the tutorial and check
        the setting of the above options.  Note that we appended these lines to
        .exrc ( w! >>) in case you already had a .exrc file.  The  !  forces
        creation of .exrc if it does not exist.

  5. ~/.exrc is also the file into which new key maps can be stored.  Go to the
     next lesson to learn a little bit about this capability.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 6.3 *
                             **************
            =====>>>>> SETTING YOUR OWN KEY MAPS <<<<<=====

     ** Use the :map and :map! commands to set your own key maps **

  1. Defining your own keymaps is a very powerful capability in vi.  It will
     be described briefly.  See the references for more detail.

  2. Although most keys can be redefined to perform other functions, it is
     recommended that one stick to defining keys that are not used by vi. 
     These include:

     In Command Mode:  ^A ^I ^K ^N ^O ^P ^R ^V ^W ^X
                       F1-F12 g K q v V = \ * #

                       On some keyboards: ^/     (displays as ^_)
                                          ^\
                                          DELETE (displays as ^?)
                                          TAB    (displays as ^I)

NOTE: You may not have noticed it but by default vi only uses the ASCII keys,
      the RETURN key, the SHIFT key, the CONTROL key, the ESC key, the TAB
      (^I) key, and the BACKSPACE (^H) key.  vi was designed to be used on
      many different keyboards and, therefore, uses universal keys.

      Most versions of vi also provide default mappings for the arrow keys in
      Command Mode to correspond to h,j,k,l.  Use of the arrow keys will slow
      you down and it is strongly recommended to stick with h,j,k,l.

  3. For example, suppose one wants to map g to be 1G (i.e. go to the first
     line in the file, analogous to G which takes one to the last line):

     :map g 1G

     Try this out to see if it works (remember the current line number or
     put a marker (e.g. mh) here so you can easily return).

     Suppose one wants to map ^W (Ctrl-w) to do a file save:

     :map ^V^W :w!^V<RETURN>

     Explanation: the ^W (Ctrl-w NOT the characters ^ and W), like other non-
     ascii characters, must be preceded by a ^V (Ctrl-v) in a mapping
     statement. The mapping says to write (:w!) the current version back out
     to the file and stay inside vi (i.e. do a save).  The sequence ^V<RETURN>
     puts an actual RETURN command into the map (<RETURN> == RETURN key).

     Suppose one wants to establish a shorthand for y$ (remember that Y is a
     short hand for yy, i.e. copy a whole line to the default buffer).  Let's
     use  K  for Kopy since K is an unused letter in Command Mode:

     :map K y$

---> Try out the K map by pressing KP anywhere on this line.

  3. To see the settings of any map commands type: :map
     The output so far would look like:

     :map
     g  1G
     ^W :w!^M
     K  y$

     From which we can see that vi does not show the ^V quoting character and
     that further the <RETURN> key actually generates a ^M.

  4. One can also build key maps for multiple characters.  For example:
     :map \x d'b

     maps the two character sequence "\x" to a function which deletes the
     lines between marker b ('b) and the current cursor location.

     The ability to do this kind of mapping greatly extends the number of key
     maps that can be built.

     NOTE: In building multiple character key maps, make sure the first
           character is from the list of unused characters above and that the
           character chosen is not itself mapped.  Also, when the macro is
           used, the two characters must be pressed within about a second of
           each other, otherwise vi will interpret them separately.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 6.4 *
                             **************
                 =====>>>>> MORE ON KEY MAPS <<<<<=====

  ** Function keys can be mapped and one can define Insert Mode maps **

  1. On many keyboards the function keys may also be defined using the :map
     command.  To map one of these keys type: :map ^V<Fn> mapping
     where <Fn> means to actually press the desired function key at this point
     in the map command.  This captures the actual keycode sequence generated.

     Let's see if this works for your keyboard:

     enter: :map ^V<F1> ^V^G

     where <F1> means to press your F1 key.  Then press F1 to see if it
     behaves like ^G.

NOTE: You can use this technique to define maps for many keys on your
      keyboard that are not used by default.  In some cases, depending on
      your terminal, a particular key may not emit a code and so after
      entering ^V the following key produces nothing.  In that case you will
      not be able to map that key.

  2. To define keys for Insert Mode use the :map! command.
     To view any :map! settings type: :map!

     Since ascii keys are used in Insert Mode, it is best to stick to function
     keys and unused control type keys in this mode.

  3. One of the best uses for Insert Mode map commands (:map!) is to define
     the arrow keys so they will move the cursor while in Insert Mode.

NOTE: some versions of vi have already made these definitions.

     :map! ^V<up_arrow>    ^V<ESC>ka
     :map! ^V<down_arrow>  ^V<ESC>ja
     :map! ^V<right_arrow> ^V<ESC>la
     :map! ^V<left_arrow>  ^V<ESC>ha

NOTE: <up_arrow> means push the up arrow key here, ^V is Ctrl-v.  Notice how
      the ESC key is included in the mapping to return to the Command Mode for
      the cursor movement commands h,j,k,l and then how we return to inserting
      text with the append command (a).  You will also find that the <ESC>
      key shows up as  ^[  in the key maps shown by :map and :map!.

      Be aware that unlike the set commands in an earlier lesson, you will
      not be able to copy the map commands in this tutorial into your .exrc
      file since these commands are written using ascii characters instead of
      the actual control characters needed by vi.  You will need to generate
      the maps yourself using the actual control keys.  (See the very bottom
      of the tutorial for an attached .exrc file that contains many of these
      key maps.)

  4. Any desired map or map! commands can be placed into the .exrc file along
     with the set commands.  As with the set commands omit the leading ":".
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                          ********************
                          * LESSON 6 SUMMARY *
                          ********************

  1.  :set all - shows setting of all vi environment options

  2.  :set option - to turn on an option (e.g. showmode)

  3.  :set nooption - turn off an option (e.g. noshowmode)

  4.  :set option=number - to set a numerical option (e.g. wrapmargin=2)

  5.  :map <key> mapping - to map "key" in Command Mode to possibly many
                           characters of action.  Use ^V to quote non-ascii
                           characters like Function keys or control keys.

  6.  :map! <key> mapping - to map "key" in Insert Mode to an action.  Stick
                            to Function keys and unused control keys here.

  7.  :map  shows all Command Mode maps
      :map! shows all Insert Mode maps

  8.  Use the file ~/.exrc (i.e. $HOME/.exrc) to store all desired set and
      map commands.  Omit the leading ":".
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 7.1 *
                             **************
         =====>>>>> ADJUSTING THE SCREEN BY ONE LINE <<<<<=====

        ** ^E and ^Y move the screen up and down by one line **

  1.  Press ^E (Expose) to expose one more line at the bottom of the screen,
      i.e. scroll the screen up by one line.

  2.  Press ^Y to expose one more line at the top of the screen.

  3.  Try pressing these commands to see their effect.  Notice that the cursor
      remains on the same character until the line moves off of the screen.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 7.2 *
                             **************
               =====>>>>> EDITING MULTIPLE FILES <<<<<=====

   ** Startup vi as: vi file1 file2 file3 etc. to edit multiple files **

  1.  When vi is entered with more than one filename as arguments, the edit
      session begins on the first file.

  2.  When that file has been edited and saved (with :w), one may move to the
      next file by typing :n

      Type :n! to go to the next file and discard edits to the current file.

  3.  If the autowrite option (:set autowrite) is set, :n will cause the
      current file to be automatically saved before starting up the edit on
      the next file without having to type :w

  4.  One may also use a filename with :n at any time to edit a file not
      in the argument list: :n newfile

  5.  To return to the file that had been edited just previously use the ^^
      command, i.e. Ctrl-^, i.e. press the CONTROL key and the ^ key (usually
      the 6 key).  The autowrite option is also effective for this command.

  6.  At any time to see the list of files being edited with an indication
      of what the current file is enter :arg

      To go back to the very first file enter :rewind

  7.  Let's try editing two files and toggling between them.

      A. First, either set the autowrite option (:set autowrite) or else save
      the current file (:w).

      B. Now, let's edit another file, say TEMP.  Before entering the command
      to go to the new file remember that to get back we will press ^^ (i.e
      Ctrl-^).  Now enter: :n TEMP and enter a few lines in the other file.

      C. Now press ^^ to return (remembering that you may have to save that
      file (:w) if you did not set the autowrite option).

      D. Press ^^ to return again to the TEMP file; and ^^ to return back to
      this file.  When you returned to the TEMP file, were the lines you 
      entered still there?  They should have been.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 7.3 *
                             **************
        =====>>>>> RECOVERING A CRASHED EDIT SESSION <<<<<====

     ** To recover an interrupted edit session: vi -r filename **

  1.  If one is editing a file when the system crashes (power failure, OS
      crash, etc.), one will usually be able to recover most of the edits done
      up to that point.  The reason is that vi operates on a copy of the file,
      not the file itself, AND it keeps a relatively up to date version in one
      of the machine's system directories.  In the event of a crash this
      temporary file will still exist and vi will send you an email message
      letting you know there is a saved file.  VERY useful.

  2.  After such a crash to see if a file has been saved, type: vi -r

  3.  If there is a file indicated, type: vi -r FILENAME 
      which restarts the edit session very close to where the failure occurred.

IMPORTANT: Once the session is restarted IMMEDIATELY save the contents into
           another file with and exit with  :wq NEWFILENAME.

  4.  If you want to try this out, simply kill this vi process (with the Unix
      kill command from another window or else close the window).  Entering
      vi -r should show "vi.tutorial" saved and ready to be restarted with:
      vi -r vi.tutorial.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 7.4 *
                             **************
                 =====>>>>> BROWSING A FILE <<<<<=====

        ** To browse a file that is not to be changed use view **

  1.  If one wants to browse a file and not change it, one can use the view
      command instead of vi.  The view command actually invokes vi but sets
      the readonly option (:set readonly or :set ro).

  2.  The readonly option prevents vi from saving the text back to the file
      unless an override is given, e.g: :w!  instead of  :w

  3.  One can also issue the :set noreadonly or :set noro command to convert
      the view session back to a standard vi session.

  4.  One thing some do to make use of view and to prepare backup copies of
      files is to start edit sessions with view and, when they decide to
      change the file, push a special key to create a backup copy and put the
      session into edit (noreadonly or noro) mode.  An example key map to
      perform this function:

      :map ^V^P :set noro^V<RETURN>:w! %.bak^V<RETURN>

      Thus, if one is editing a file called xyz and presses ^P (Ctrl-p), edit
      (noro) mode is turned on and a copy of the file is put into a new file
      called xyz.bak (vi replaces the "%" with the name of the file).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                          ********************
                          * LESSON 7 SUMMARY *
                          ********************

  1.  ^E moves the screen up   one line.
      ^Y moves the screen down one line.

  2.  vi file1 file2 etc.   edits multiple files sequentially.

  3.  :n  goes to the next file in the vi argument list (may need :w first).

  4.  :set autowrite  makes :w unnecessary before using :n for the next file.

  5.  :n NEWFILE  starts editing the file "NEWFILE".

  6.  :arg  show the list of files to be edited.
      :rewind  returns to the first file in the vi argument list.

  7.  ^^ (i.e Ctrl-^)  toggles back to the just previously edited file.

  8.  vi -r  shows if any edit sessions were saved after a system crash.
      vi -r FILENAME  restarts the saved edit session on "FILENAME".
      :wq NEWFILENAME<RETURN>  immediately upon restarting the old session.

  9.  view  starts a vi session with the readonly option set (i.e. browse).

      :w!  forces a file save in a view session.
      :set noro  converts a view session into a vi session.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 8.1 *
                             **************
          =====>>>>> REPEATING THE LAST TEXT CHANGE <<<<<=====

          ** To repeat the last change to the text press . **

  1.  . is one of the most useful vi commands.  It repeats the immediately
      preceding text modification command whether it was a text insertion,
      text deletion, text change, text put, etc.

  2.  To see how this works move the cursor to the line containing the ---->.

  3.  Move to the first of the extra words and press dw to delete the word.

  4.  Press . to repeat the deletion.

  5.  If one presses . once too many times, u undoes the last change.

----> There are extra extra extra extra extra extra words on this line.

  6.  Here's another way to make selective changes to text in the file:
      go to the next line marked ---> by entering the search command /abc

  7.  Change the word to "new" by typing: cwnew<ESC>

  8.  Now press n to go to the next occurrence of the string and press .
      to make the same change again.

  9.  Press n to go to the next occurrence and then press n again to leave
      this occurrence alone.  Press . to change the last occurrence.

--->  Change abc and abc but not abc and finally change abc.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 8.2 *
                             **************
              =====>>>>> USING OTHER TEXT BUFFERS <<<<<=====

   ** In addition to the default vi buffer there are 26 more labeled a-z **

  1.  Any time a text deletion, copy, or change is done the affected text is
      placed into the default (unnamed) vi buffer.  There it is accessible by
      a put command (p P) until the next change is made.

  2.  If one wants to save some changed/deleted text past the next set of
      changes, one can use the 26 other named buffers vi provides.  These
      buffers, a through z, are referred to by a preceding double quote (").

  3.  For example, to delete a line into buffer j: "jdd
      To paste buffer j after the cursor: "jp

  4.  To see how this works go to the line marked ---> and enter "bY to copy
      the line into buffer b.  Now press  p  to put a copy of the line after
      itself to show that the default buffer is loaded with the same text.

  5.  Now, delete a word on one of the lines with dw and press p.  Note that
      it is now the word that is in the default buffer.

  6.  Press "bp to recover the text from the b buffer.

--->  Copy this line into the b buffer by pressing: "bY

  7.  Let's try one more thing: go to the next line marked ---> and press "BY

  8.  Then press "bp

--->  Add this line to the b buffer by pressing: "BY

  9.  What happened?  Right.  The new line was added to the b buffer.  By
      using a capital B one indicates that the text is to be appended to
      the b buffer instead of replacing the contents of the buffer.

NOTE: When editing multiple files as described in an earlier lesson, one must
      use the named buffers to move text between files.  The default vi buffer
      resets when a new file is to be edited.  The named buffers remain intact.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 8.3 *
                             **************
              =====>>>>> RECOVERING DELETED TEXT <<<<<=====

   ** Use the sequence "1pu.u.u.u to recover previously deleted text **

  1.  It sometimes happens that some deleted lines get away from you that
      cannot be recovered by the undo (u) command which only undoes the
      immediately preceding text change.  vi provides a mechanism to help.

  2.  In addition to the default buffer (the one into which the d and y
      commands place deleted or copied text for example) and the 26 named
      buffers (a-z), vi also provides 9 backup line buffers.  Each time a
      line or lines are deleted into the default buffer, they are also copied
      into backup buffer 1; line(s) in buffer 1 are moved to buffer 2; etc.

Note: Partial line deletions (e.g. D dw) are not copied to backup buffer 1.

  3.  To recover lines from buffer 4 type: "4p

  4.  To systematically search back through the buffers: "1pu.u.u.u.u.u.u.u.
      Each u undoes the previous put; each . puts text from the next buffer.
      Stop when your deleted text appears or the 9th buffer is reached.

  5.  To try this out go to the line marked ---> and successively delete it and
      the following lines with dd commands.  Then enter the sequence "1pu.u.u.
      to see each line recovered from its backup buffer.

---> line 1
     line 2
     line 3
     line 4
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 8.4 *
                             **************
                       =====>>>>> TABS <<<<<=====

  ** ^I inserts tabs into text, and the Unix expand command removes them **

  1.  Generally it is not recommended to put tab characters into your text.
      Operations down stream, including other readers of your text and
      printers, may not use the same definition of a tab spacing as does vi.
      This would make your "perfectly" aligned text look strange.

      The vi default for the tabstop is 8.  This does not mean that a tab is 8
      spaces rather it defines the column where the next character will go
      after a tab.

      For example for :set tabstop=8 (the default), the tab stop columns are
      1 9 17 25 etc.

NOTE: On most keyboards the TAB key also generates ^I.

  2.  The best use for tabs is to help you build a table with aligned columns.
      You may want to remove the tabs after the table is built for the reason
      stated above.

  3.  To easily remove tabs and keep the same character spacing use the Unix
      expand command.  To process your complete file use the Unix filtering
      mechanism described in an earlier lesson: :%!expand<RETURN>

  4.  If you want to add tabs back in use  :%!unexpand -a<RETURN>

      Both expand and unexpand, like vi, use 8 for the tabstop by default.

  5.  Be aware that in some cases vi will insert tabs for you.  This can happen
      when the autoindent option is on (:set autoindent) or when the << and >>
      commands are used to shift lines left and right respectively (the amount
      of the shift is controlled by the "shiftwidth" vi option, default=8).

  6.  To see if your file contains any tabs use the search command: /^I

      Or you can turn on the list option as described earlier: :set list
      Tabs will show in the text as ^I.  Do this now and look at the line
      ---> below which contains tab characters.

---> This	line	contains	tab	characters.

  7.  Enter :set nolist to turn this style display off.  Run your cursor over
      the line with the h and l cursor movement keys.  Notice the behavior of
      the cursor.

  8.  Now let's get rid of tabs on this line by entering: !!expand<RETURN>
      To verify the tabs are gone re-enter:  :set list
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 8.5 *
                             **************
                   =====>>>>> ODDS AND ENDS <<<<<=====

                ** A short collection of useful vi tips **

  1.  If the screen ever becomes corrupted, it can be redrawn with ^L.

  2.  To quickly reverse two characters place the cursor on the first one and
      type:  xp

      Try reversing "xp" and back again.

  3.  To reverse two words position the cursor in the space in front of the
      first word and press:  deep

      Try reversing the last two words on this line.

  4.  To join two lines into 1: J

      Try joining the line after this line
      to make one line.

  5.  ~  reverses the case of a letter.  Try ~ on this sentence.

  6.  B, E, and W operate like their lower case cousins (b to move cursor
      back to previous beginning of word, e for next end of word, w for
      beginning of next word) but instead of just considering certain
      characters to be parts of words (i.e. alphanumeric plus underscore _)
      they consider all non-whitespace (whitespace being blanks, tabs, and
      end of lines) to be parts of a word.  To see how these movement
      characters behave move the cursor to the next line and use w and W to
      examine the cursor movement.

--->  This name, /usr/home/user/filename, is several words (w) AND 1 word (W).

  7.  If you ever find yourself stuck at the bottom of the screen at a ":"
      prompt, you may have accidentally pressed  Q  which is the command to go
      into the ex line editor.  vi is actually built on top of this editor and
      one has access to all of its capabilities.  All of the commands starting
      with a colon (:) are actually ex commands.  To return to full screen
      editing with vi simply enter  vi  after the :

  8.  If you ever find your vi session locked up, you may have accidentally
      pressed the ^S key which is typically the terminal command to stop.
      Press ^Q to resume the session.

  9.  Another key to watch out for is ^Z, which is typically the terminal
      suspend command.  If pressed, this suspends vi and throws you back out to
      the shell prompt.  To restart vi (from a c or Korn shell) simply type fg.
      Actually, ^Z/fg can be handy to use at times.

 10.  To define an abbreviation that will be expanded automatically in Input
      Mode:  :ab xy expansion of the abbreviation

      Thus, any time xy<blank> is typed it will be replaced with "expansion of
      the abbreviation".  These abbreviations may be added to your .exrc file.

      Try this now:

      In Commmand Mode type:  :ab xy Xabc Ydef

      Then insert xy<blank> here to see what happens.

 11.  To shift a line "shiftwidth" columns to the  left: <<
      To shift a line "shiftwidth" columns to the right: >>

      Use :set shiftwidth=n to change the default setting which is 8.

----> Try shifting this line to the right with >> and back with <<.

      As with most other vi Command Mode commands one can precede these
      commands by numbers; to shift 4 lines: 4>>  Try this on this paragraph.
      What happens when the right end of the line is closer than "shiftwidth"
      columns of the edge of the screen?

      Since > and < are text commands for shifting lines, one might guess that
      since >> and << apply to lines, other movement commands can be used.
      Correct.  To shift the next paragraph to the right: >}     Etc.

 12.  When using the autoindent option (:set autoindent) a new line
      automatically starts at the same level of indentation as the last line.
      To increase the indentation by "shiftwidth" characters press ^T in
      Insert Mode before any characters are typed on the line.  To decrease
      the level of indentation by "shiftwidth" characters use ^D.

      Let's try out autoindent:

      a. Press :set autoindent<RETURN>
      b. Press  o  to open a line below this one.  Note how the level
         of indentation matches the prior line.
      c. Press ^D and ^T to see how the level of indentation decreases and
         increases by shiftwidth characters (default=8 characters).
      d. Enter a few input characters and press <RETURN> to see how the 
         level of indentation is maintained.

 13.  '' returns the cursor to the line where the last marker was set or
      where the last text change was made whichever was last.  This makes it
      very convenient, for example, to edit in two locations of the file and
      easily toggle between the two locations.

 14.  If in the midst of typing a : command (e.g. :q!) or a search command
      (e.g. /pattern or ?pattern) and you want to abort the command, use the
      BACKSPACE or ^H key to back up over all of the entered text.  Pressing
      <ESC> has the same effect in this situation as pressing <RETURN> which
      may not be what you want.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             * Lesson 8.6 *
                             **************
                  =====>>>>> USEFUL KEY MAPS <<<<<=====

             ** A short collection of useful vi key maps **

  1.  The goal of this lesson is to provide several examples of key maps that
      supplement the basic vi capabilities.  One will find some of them
      useful while others may suggest ideas for other maps.  All of these key
      maps plus some additional ones are contained in a "uuencode" file
      attached at the bottom of the tutorial.  There are instructions there
      for extracting the file and using it as your starting point for your
      own $HOME/.exrc file.

  2.  Let's list a few maps described earlier that provide handy functions:

NOTE: We use ^V (Ctrl-v) before any non-ascii character such as ^K (Ctrl-k),
      or <RETURN> (RETURN key) or <ESC> (ESC key).  As mentioned earlier none
      of these key maps will work as listed below since they are built
      entirely from ascii keys.  Use the attached .exrc file as a source for
      the "real" maps.  Note also that when using any of the multi-character
      maps (\P =x =1 etc.) the two characters must be pressed quickly (< 1
      second) otherwise vi interprets the two characters separately.  If you
      hear a beep when using them, you have probably been too slow.

      " a shorthand for copy to end of line
      map K y$
      " go to the top of the file, complements G
      map g 1G
      " map arrow keys so they work in Insert Mode
      map! ^V<up_arrow>    ^V<ESC>ka
      map! ^V<down_arrow>  ^V<ESC>ja
      map! ^V<right_arrow> ^V<ESC>la
      map! ^V<left_arrow>  ^V<ESC>ha
      " line copy using mb to mark beginning and cursor position to mark end
      map ^V^K "py'b^V<RETURN>
      " line delete using mb to mark beginning and cursor position to mark end
      map ^V^X "pd'b^V<RETURN>
      " put contents of buffer p after or before the cursor
      map \p "pp
      map \P "pP
      " save the file
      map ^V^W :w!V<RETURN>
      " create a backup copy of the file
      map ^V^P :set noro^V<RETURN>:w! %.bak^V<RETURN>

      Usage:

      K in Command Mode copies from the cursor to the end of the line into
        the default buffer where it is available for putting with  p  or  P.

      g in command mode moves the cursor to the first line in the file.

      Arrow keys in Insert Mode move the cursor without leaving Insert Mode.
                 Useful for editing tables.  Minor point: moving the cursor
                 into column 1 or past the last column on a line, puts you
                 back to Command Mode (indicated by a beep).  The maps in
                 the .exrc file are done for an xterm and may need to be
                 redone if you terminal emits different codes.

      ^K copies all lines between the line with marker b (use  mb  on the
         first line to be copied) and the line with the cursor (move the
         cursor to the last line to be copied).  The lines go into the
         default buffer for immediate access with  p  or  P  AND they go into
         the "p" buffer where they can be accessed later on with  \p  or \P
         which put the contents of the "p" buffer after or before the cursor.

      ^X is same as ^K except it deletes the lines instead of copying them.

      \P puts the contents of buffer "p" (which was loaded by ^K or ^X)
         before the cursor location.

      \p same as \P but after the cursor position.

      ^W in Command mode saves the file without exiting vi.

      ^P sets noreadonly mode (i.e. converts a "view" session into a vi
         session) and creates a backup copy of the current file with the same
         name but with ".bak" appended.

  3.  Let's define a map to complement the Insert Mode arrow keys:

      " <DELETE> key deletes characters in Command Mode AND Insert Mode
      map ^V<DELETE> x
      map! ^V<DELETE> ^V<ESC>lxi

      Usage: 

      <DELETE> deletes the character under the cursor in Command Mode or
               Insert mode (one remains in Insert Mode when using <DELETE>).
               Most terminals will display the DELETE key as ^?.

  4.  Let's define a few keys to help clean up the file:

      " remove all trailing blanks in the file
      map =b :%s/ *$//^V<RETURN>1G
      " remove tabs (default: tab=8 spaces)
      map =e :%!expand^V<RETURN>
      " text flow paragraph
      map =1 {j!}fmt -c^V^V|expand<RETURN>}+

      Usage:

      =b causes all trailing blanks on all lines to be removed.  Besides
         making the file shorter, this makes sure that "blank" lines around
         paragraphs are in fact null lines so that  {  and  }  work properly.

      =e expand all tabs in the file to the correct number of spaces.

      =1 flows the paragraph containing the cursor to maintain a straight
         left edge (actually the -c option allows lines 1 and 2 to be at
         different left margins with lines 3 to n lining up with line 2). 
         The right margin is set by default to 72 which means that a line
         will be broken when a character would go past column 72.  To change
         this default to say 75: fmt -c -75 .  fmt also uses tabs if it can
         so the map pipes the output through expand to remove the tabs.

         NOTE: the right edge will be "ragged" and not aligned.  This is the
               correct behavior when using a fixed width text font.

               Some computer systems do not offer fmt (e.g. HPUX).  If you
               would like a function to do this, send email to the address
               shown at the bottom of this tutorial.

  5. A few more useful maps:

     " split the line at the cursor
     map =2 i^V<RETURN>^V<ESC>k$
     " edit file under cursor; use ^^ (i.e. Ctrl-^) to return
     map =5 ^V^WmoI ^V<ESC>^[`olT i:e! ^V<ESC>3h"od2Wu@o^V<RETURN>
     " append lines between b marker and cursor position to file
     map =9 :'b,.w!>>
     " spell check
     map =s ^V^W:!spell %>~/_^V<RETURN>:e!~/_^V<RETURN>^V<RETURN>
     " next two maps are non-functional in HPUX
     " find next occurrence of text under cursor (try mapping this to ^V^/)
     map =/ moI ^[`olT moi/^["odEu`o@o^M
     " find previous occurrence of text under cursor (try mapping this to ^V^\)
     map =? moI ^[`olT moi?^["odEu`o@o^Mn

     Usage:

     =2 splits the line at the cursor position leaving the cursor at the
        original position in Command Mode.

     =5 edits file name on which cursor rests.  To return to original file
        press ^^ (i.e. Ctrl-^).  ^^ takes you back again to the new file.
        Note the use of a previously defined map (^W) to shorten the map.

     =9 appends the lines between the  b  marker (type  mb  on the first line
        to be copied) and the cursor position to the file entered at the
        prompt at the bottom of the screen.

     =s spell checks your file using the unix "spell" command.  The errors
        are put into the file ~/_ and vi is switched to that file.  Pressing
        ^^ (Ctrl-^) returns you to the original file to correct an error,
        ^^ takes you back to the list of errors, etc.

     =/ finds the next occurrence of the text string under the cursor.  To
        find the next occurrence press  n.

     =? finds the previous occurrence of the text string under the cursor. To
        find the previous occurrence again press  n.

     NOTE:  These last two maps work on most versions of vi except HPUX.

            These two keys are useful with =s spell checking. Place the
            cursor on the spelling error and press  =/  then press ^^ to
            return to the original file. Press n (or N) to find the error(s).

  6. Finally, let's set up a rectangular cut and paste system for vi which is
     one of the only serious omissions in the design of vi.  However, it is
     one that is easy to add using the ability of vi to pipe text through an
     external program.  A program called "rcut" has been written to perform
     this function and should be available in the same directory as the
     "vitutor" command.  If it is not there, source code is available from
     the email address at the end of the tutorial.  This system allows us to
     copy and delete and put columns selected from the text.  Here are the
     associated key maps:

     " use mb to mark the top corner, cursor to mark lower, rectangular copy
     map =k meo^[256i ^[`ejr^:m'b-^M`bkr^!'ercut -k^M^V^G
     " same as =k except cut instead of copy
     map =x meo^[256i ^[`ejr^:m'b-^M`bkr^!'ercut -x^M^V^G
     " to paste rectangular text from =x or =k before cursor position
     map =P moO^[256i ^[`okr^!Grcut -P^M^V^G
     " same as =P except paste after cursor position
     map =p moO^[256i ^[`okr^!Grcut -p^M^V^G

     NOTE: in the interest of space the above key maps show ^[ instead of
           ^V<ESC>, ^M instead of ^V<RETURN>.  Other uses of "^" are for the
           ascii character  ^  itself.  The complete key maps are in the
           attached .exrc file.

     Usage:

     =k copies a rectangular section of the text delimited by the  b  marker
        at one of the top corners of the of the block and the cursor position
        at the opposite lower corner.  The cursor may be in the same column
        as the marker in which case only a single column will be copied.  The
        buffer for the copied text is the file $HOME/.rcut.

     =x operates identically to =k except that the rectangular section is
        deleted instead of being copied.

     =P puts the rectangular section created by =k or =x before the cursor
        location.

     =p is the same as =P except the section goes after the cursor location.

EXERCISE: As an exercise extract the .exrc from the attached uuencode file at
          the end of the tutorial and make it your $HOME/.exrc file.  Then:
          1) Try out each of the above maps to see how they behave
          2) Consider changing the map to a different key if you like.  E.g.
             you may want to remap =1 =2 etc. to F1 F2 etc.
          3) Consider defining your own key maps to simplify repetitive tasks
             or to provide a function the editor is missing.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                          ********************
                          * LESSON 8 SUMMARY *
                          ********************

  1.  . repeats the last change made to the text.  Use it, it will save many
      unnecessary keystrokes.

  2.  Use the named buffers a-z to save text in for later use.

      "cdd deletes a line into the c buffer
      "cp  pastes the line from the c buffer
      "Cdd deletes a line and appends it to the c buffer.

  3.  To recover previously deleted text check the backup buffers by using the
      sequence: "1pu.u.u.u.u.u.u.u.

  4.  Tabs may be inserted into the text with ^I or the TAB key.  vi itself can
      insert tabs if the "autoindent" option is on or whenever the shift
      commands (> <) are used. Use the Unix expand command to convert tabs into
      the correct number of substitute spaces:  :%!expand<RETURN>

  5.  Use BACKSPACE or ^H to back up over text entered after a  :  or  /  or
      ?  to abort the command.  Don't use <ESC> which will do a <RETURN>.

  6.  Other useful commands:

      ^L  - refresh the screen
      ^Q  - to restart a session stopped by ^S
      ^Z  - suspends vi and returns to shell prompt; to return to vi: fg
      xp  - reverse two characters
    deep  - reverse two words (start at the space in front of first word)
       J  - join 2 lines
       B  - same as b but ignores all characters except blanks, tabs, and
            newlines in finding start of previous word.
       E  - same relation to e as B to b.
       W  - same relation to w as B to b.
       ~  - reverse case
     :vi  - return to vi from ex : prompt
     :ab  - define an Insert Mode abbreviation
      >>  - shift line "shiftwidth" characters to the right.
      <<  - shift line "shiftwidth" characters to the left.
      ^T  - increases indentation level when using autoindent option
      ^D  - decreases indentation level when using autoindent option
      ''  - return to last created marker or text change location.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             *  SUMMARY   *
                             **************

                        ** vi command summary **

Startup and save:
================

vi file    - edits file (noreadonly)          :wq saves and quits; :q! aborts
view file  - browses file (readonly)          :set noro converts to vi session
:w saves file but does not quit               ZZ quits saving file if necessary
vi -r - check for any saved files             :w file  to write to a new file
vi -r file - restarts interrupted session     :w >> file  to append to file
:n file  edits a new file                     ^^ toggles between two files

Cursor movement:
===============

^F (^B) pages forward (backward)              ^D (^U) half pages down (up)
h j k l moves the cursor left down up right   G (1G) goes to end (top) of file
w (b) moves to next (previous) word           e moves to next end of word
0 ($) puts cursor at start (end) of line      ^ moves to first nonblank on line
+ (-) first nonblank on next (previous) line  n| moves to column n on line
<RETURN> is same as +                         ma sets position marker "a"
{ (}) moves cursor before (after) paragraph   `a returns to marker "a"
/pattern searches forward for pattern         'a returns to 1st of line w/ "a"
?pattern searches backward for pattern        '' returns to last marker/change
n (N) redo / ? in same (reverse) direction    ^E to move screen up   1 line
% shows matching () {} []                     ^Y to move screen down 1 line

Inserting/replacing text (press <ESC> when done):
================================================

i inserts text before the cursor              I inserts text at front of line
a appends text after the cursor               A appends text to end of line
o opens a new line below cursor               O opens a new line above cursor
c changes text ( cw c} ... )                  C changes to end of line (c$)
R replaces multiple characters                cc changes the whole line (S)
s substitute multiple characters for one      S substitutes for whole line (cc)

Modifying text:
==============

x (X) deletes next (prior) character          r replaces one character
d deletes text ( dw d} ... )                  D deletes to end of line (d$)
dd deletes a line                             J joins two lines
y yanks/copies text ( yw y} y$ )              Y yanks a line into buffer (yy)
p (P) puts buffer after (before) cursor       << (>>) shifts line left (right)
u undoes last operation                       U undoes all changes to line
:r filename  adds filename to text            ~ toggles character's case
:r!command  adds Unix command output          . repeats last text change

Pattern substitution:
====================

:s/pattern1/pattern2/     - substitute pattern2 for first pattern1 on line
:s/pattern1/pattern2/g    - all occurrences of pattern1 on line
:%s/pattern1/pattern2/g   - all occurrences of pattern1 in file
:%s/pattern1/pattern2/gc  - prompt for each change

Other:
=====

ESC returns to Command Mode                   BACKSPACE backs up in Insert Mode
^G shows file name and relative position      ^L refreshes screen
:map key key_sequence for Command Mode maps   :map! for Insert Mode maps
^V quotes a following non-ascii key in maps   :ab abbreviation expansion
"add deletes line into buffer a (of a-z)      "aP puts buffer a before cursor
"Add appends deleted line to buffer a         "ap puts buffer a after cursor
:set list - show end of lines and tabs        :set all - show option settings
!}command - filter text through command       :!command - execute a command
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                             **************
                             *   .exrc    *
                             **************

  ** Attached below is a .exrc file containing key maps from the tutorial **

  To extract the file:

  1. Make sure there is no .exrc file you want to keep in the working
     directory since it will be replaced.

  2. Put the cursor on the "begin 644 .exrc" line below.

  3. Press  !}uudecode
     to create the .exrc file in your working directory.

  4. To make this your default .exrc file, copy it to your HOME directory.

NOTE: There are comments in the file to help you identify a few key maps
      that use xterm codes for certain keys (like the arrow keys and DELETE).
      There is also a brief explanation for how to convert these few maps
      for the terminal you are using if it isn't an xterm.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
begin 644 .exrc
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((%QP(")P< II
 
end

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  This concludes the VI Tutor.  The first 4 lessons gave you a brief overview
  of the vi editor, just enough to allow you to use the editor fairly easily.
  The last 4 lessons covered several intermediate to advanced topics and take
  you well down the road to using the editor effectively.

  For more information on the vi editor please refer to:

      Learning the vi Editor, Linda Lamb,
        O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1990.

      The Ultimate Guide to the vi and ex Text Editors, Hewlett Packard,
        The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1990.

  This tutorial was extensively revised and augmented by Robert Colon, Design
  Automation Division, Texas Instruments Inc. and is based on the tutorial
  written by Michael C. Pierce and Robert K. Ware, Colorado School of Mines
  using ideas supplied by Charles Smith, Colorado State University.

  E-mail: frc@dadd.ti.com                 Last updated: 13Apr93 16:55:14
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~